The 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 17-25 April 1923 in Moscow.
This was the last congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) during Vladimir Lenin's leadership, however Lenin was unable to attend.
Much of this Congress was taken up with Joseph Stalin's struggle against the Georgian National Communists. Stalin dominated the Congress with Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze and Mamia Orakhelashvili, moving against the Old Bolsheviks Budu Mdivani and Filipp Makharadze.
Stalin accused the latter of:
Ordzhonikidze went further:
as well as "leftism" and "adventurism"
At this Congress the problems of nationalism were redefined so that local chauvinism became identified as the main problem rather than Great Russian chauvinism.
Mirsäyet Soltanğäliev attended this Congress, but was subject to attack immediately afterwards in the Tartar newspaper Eshche and arrested during May 1923. He was roundly condemned by Stalin at the Fourth Conference of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) with the Workers of the National Republics of the Regions, held 9 - 12 June 1923.
The congress was the beginning of the so-called policy of Korenizatsiya. The main idea was to grow national cadres for every nationality so that the party line could be pursued everywhere by representatives of the local nationality and the national proletariat could be raised against its own exploiters.[1]
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